Abstract
Background: Modifiable risk factors play a key role in preventing or delaying dementia, yet little is known about how culturally diverse populations in Europe perceive these risk factors.
Objective: This study aimed to: (1) explore lay perceptions of dementia and its risk factors, and (2) examine how these perceptions interact with social and structural determinants of health to shape dementia prevention behaviors.
Methods: We conducted a qualitative study guided by the I-Change model, using semi-structured interviews with 20 adults varying in cultural and linguistic background, education, and age. Interviews were conducted in Dutch, English, and Moroccan-Arabic (Darija), translated if needed and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis followed open, axial, and selective coding to identify themes.
Results: Participants emphasized genetics and biological vulnerability over modifiable risk factors when discussing dementia risk. Socioeconomic status, physical ability, and (social) environment were perceived to shape opportunities for healthy aging. Peers, family, and cultural norms were both facilitators and barriers to health-promoting behaviors. Livedand observed experiences of illness motivated general behavior change, not specifically linked to dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Stress, sleep, resilience, and discipline were viewed as influential for cognitive health. Participants often integrated personal, cultural, and social perspectives when interpreting dementia risk.
Conclusions: Perceptions of dementia and Alzheimer's disease risk among culturally diverse individuals are shaped by biological beliefs, psychosocial influences, and social context. Knowledge of dementia and modifiable risk factors remains limited among minoritized populations. Public health initiatives might benefit from incorporating prevention messages in a community perspective to enhance engagement and motivation.