Abstract
This study investigated the association between income, tumor stage, and treatment in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, stratified by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG-PS). Patients diagnosed with NSCLC between 2017 and 2022 were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry (N = 71,025). Median household income at postal code level served as a proxy for income. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association between income, tumor stage at diagnoses and treatment. All analyses were stratified by ECOG-PS (PS0-1 vs. PS2+). Patients with an intermediate or higher income were more likely to be diagnosed with a stage IV tumor compared with those with a lower income. This was seen in patients with PS0-1 (odds ratio [OR]intermediate_vs_lower: 1.13 [95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.08–1.18], ORhigher_vs_lower: 1.23 [1.18–1.29]) and PS2+ (ORintermediate_vs_lower: 1.19 [1.11–1.27], ORhigher_vs_lower: 1.30 [1.19–1.41]). In patients with PS0-1 and a stage II or III tumor, those with an intermediate or higher income more often received a cancer treatment (stage II ORintermediate_vs_lower: 1.47 [1.09–1.99], ORhigher_vs_lower: 1.54 [1.13–2.11], stage III ORintermediate_vs_lower: 1.20 [1.03–1.40], ORhigher_vs_lower: 1.30 [1.09–1.55]). In patients with PS0-1 and a stage IV tumor, those with an intermediate or higher income more often received immunotherapy (ORintermediate_vs_lower: 1.10 [1.02–1.19], ORintermediate_vs_lower: 1.30 [1.20–1.41]) and systemic treatment (ORintermediate_vs_lower: 1.29 [1.20–1.39], ORhigher_vs_lower: 1.50 [1.37–1.63]). The latter was also found in patients with PS2+ (ORintermediate_vs_lower: 1.22 [1.08–1.38], ORhigher_vs_lower: 1.42 [1.23–1.64]). We thereby showed that even in a country with a universal healthcare system, large differences can be seen in the treatments of NSCLC patients according to income. K E Y W O R D S income, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), real world evidence, socioeconomic, treatment Abbreviations: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT, chemoradiation; ECOG-PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; HER2, Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2; MICE, multiple imputation by chained equations; NCR, Netherlands Cancer Registry; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; OR, odds ratio; PD-L1, Programmed death-ligand 1; ROS1, c-ros oncogene 1 receptor tyrosine kinase; SEP, socioeconomic position; TNM, Tumor-Node-Metastasis. 2060 © 2025 UICC. Int. J. Cancer. 2026;158:2060–2071. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ijc What’s New? Various factors influence the diagnosis and treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, the authors used the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG-PS) to evaluate relationships